A real-time electrical impedance sensing biopsy needle.

Diagnostic confirmation of cancer in solid organs is based on biopsy findings. In a standard 12-core prostate biopsy protocol, conventional biopsy needles sample only 0.95% (∼0.228 cm³) of a typical 24-cm³ prostate gland. The primary objective of this study was to enhance the sensitivity of standard biopsy protocol by gauging electrical properties of tissue simultaneously with tissue extraction for histopathology analysis. A conventional biopsy (Bx) needle was instrumented with an electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) sensor to interrogate the tissue volume surrounding the needle tip. The EIS-Bx device was evaluated in a series of saline bath and ex vivo porcine experiments. It was found to sense a volume of 0.286 cm³ of tissue around the needle tip. EIS measurements were recorded from three ex vivo human prostates using the device, and the extracted biopsy cores were histologically assessed. Prostate conductivity σ ranged from 0.179 to 0.3310 S/m for benign tissues and 0.0746 to 0.0837 S/m for malignant tissues at frequencies ranging from 1 to 100 kHz. Relative permittivity ϵ(r) ranged from 2.10×10⁶ to 2.9 × 10⁴ for benign and 6.63×10⁵ to 5.3 × 10³ for cancer tissues over the same frequency range. Both are found to be significantly higher in normal prostate tissues than in malignant tissue (p < 0.00001).