The Ignored Role of Intraoperative Hypotension in Producing Postoperative Acute Kidney Injury-An Obligatory Appeal for More Preventative Nephrology.

Background/

Objective: Intraoperative hypotension (IOH) invariably follows the induction of general anesthesia during surgical operations. The current prevailing and predominant consensus is that IOH has immense clinical benefits such as reduced bleeding, less need for blood transfusions, and shorter surgery times. Simultaneously, it is assumed that IOH is devoid of adverse renal, hepatic and neurological consequences. Emerging new evidence and our experiences suggest a strong link between IOH and postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI). Method/Case Reports: We report on three case presentations to illustrate the impact of IOH on postoperative AKI.

Conclusion: Our recent experiences suggest and show a link between IOH and postoperative AKI. Sun et al. (2015) recently demonstrated that postoperative AKI was associated with sustained intraoperative hypotensive periods of MAP <55 and <60 mm Hg, respectively, in a graded pattern. Our experiences and new emerging Surgery-AKI literature provide an impetus for clinical trials to be set up and completed to determine whether interventions that promptly treat IOH, or better still that prevent IOH, and that are tailored to suit individual patient physiology, would reduce the risk of AKI. We posit that IOH is a neglected cause of postoperative AKI. We call for a preventative nephrology paradigm shift and the targeting of MAP ≥ 60 mm Hg and/or SBP ≥ 90 mm Hg during surgical procedures. Particularly in sub-Saharan Africa with its paucity of renal replacement therapy options to manage kidney failure, every effort to limit AKI, SORO-ESRD and exacerbation of kidney dysfunction in general, must be vigorously applied.