An Inorganic-Rich Solid Electrolyte Interphase for Advanced Lithium-Metal Batteries in Carbonate Electrolytes.

In carbonate electrolytes, the organic-inorganic solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed on the Li-metal anode surface is strongly bonded to Li and experiences the same volume change as Li, thus it undergoes continuous cracking/reformation during plating/stripping cycles. Here, an inorganic-rich SEI is designed on a Li-metal surface to reduce its bonding energy with Li metal by dissolving 4m concentrated LiNO3 in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as an additive for a fluoroethylene-carbonate (FEC)-based electrolyte. Due to the aggregate structure of NO3 - ions and their participation in the primary Li+ solvation sheath, abundant Li2 O, Li3 N, and LiNx Oy grains are formed in the resulting SEI, in addition to the uniform LiF distribution from the reduction of PF6 - ions. The weak bonding of the SEI (high interface energy) to Li can effectively promote Li diffusion along the SEI/Li interface and prevent Li dendrite penetration into the SEI. As a result, our designed carbonate electrolyte enables a Li anode to achieve a high Li plating/stripping Coulombic efficiency of 99.55 % (1 mA cm-2 , 1.0 mAh cm-2 ) and the electrolyte also enables a Li||LiNi0.8 Co0.1 Mn0.1 O2 (NMC811) full cell (2.5 mAh cm-2 ) to retain 75 % of its initial capacity after 200 cycles with an outstanding CE of 99.83 %.