Hydrochemical characteristics and nitrate health risk assessment of groundwater through seasonal variations from an intensive agricultural region of upper Krishna River basin, Telangana, India.

Seasonal variations in hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater were assessed from an intensive agricultural region to identify contaminants of concern that are a potential risk to human health. A total of 116 groundwater samples were collected grid-wise from an intensive agricultural region of confined Wanaparthy watershed to evaluate seasonal variations in hydrogeochemical processes of dissolved ions, nitrate health risk assessment and water quality during pre-monsoon (PRM) and post-monsoon (POM) seasons. The major ions concentration found in ascending order as PRM: F- < NO3-< SO42-< HCO3-< Cl- and K+< Mg+2< Ca+2< Na+ while POM: F- < NO3-< SO42-< Cl-< HCO3- and K+< Ca+2< Mg+2< Na+ respectively. Piper diagram for water-types shows PRM; Na-Cl type (70.68%) while POM; Ca-Mg-Cl type (39.66%) and Ca-HCO3 type (31.03%). Gibbs diagram explained the favorable environmental conditions as rock and evaporation dominance in both seasons. Spatial distribution map shows samples with higher and above permissible limits are found at/near to adjoining to higher-order streams and streams origin. As per the water quality index (WQI), 36.21% (PRM) and 60.34% (POM) fall in poor to unfit for drinking class. Hazard quotient (HQ) values of nitrate reach as high as for infants 1.31E + 01, children 1.23E + 01 and adults 4.68E + 00 respectively. Subsequently, HQ>1 with 68.97% of infants and 72.41% of children are in danger for non-carcinogenic ingestion of nitrate contaminated groundwater than in adults.