Sustainable and ultrafast antibiotics removal, self-cleaning and disinfection with electroactive metal-organic frameworks/carbon nanotubes membrane.

Although conventional nanofiltration (NF) membrane is widely applied in water treatment, it faces the challenges of insufficient selectivity toward emerging contaminants, low permeability and non-sustainable fouling control. Herein, a novel electroactive metal-organic frameworks/carbon nanotubes membrane was constructed by facile and green nanobubbles-mediated non-solvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) strategy for ultrafast antibiotics removal. It presented 3-fold to 100-fold higher permeability (101.3-105.7 L·h-1·m-2·bar-1) without compromising rejection (71.8 %-99.3 %) of common antibiotics (tetracycline, norfloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethazine) than most commercial and state-of-the-art NF membranes. The separation mechanism was due to the synergy of loose selective layer with three-dimensional interconnected networks and UiO-66/CNTs with unique pore sieving and charge property. It also presented excellent antibiotics selectivity with high NaCl/tetracycline separation factor of 194 and CuCl2/tetracycline separation factor of 316 for remediation of antibiotics and heavy metal combined pollution. Meanwhile, it possessed efficient anti-fouling, antibacterial and electro-driven self-cleaning ability, which enabled sustainable fouling control and disinfection with short process, low energy and chemical consumption. Furthermore, potential application of UiO-66/CNTs membrane in wastewater reclamation was demonstrated by stable antibiotics rejection, efficient flux recovery and long-term stability over 260 h. This study would provide useful insights into removal of emerging contaminants from water by advanced NF membrane.