Optimizing Musculoskeletal Management Following Spinal Cord Injury: Best Practices in Practice Management.

Musculoskeletal pain occurs in 50% to 81% of people living with spinal cord injury. Pain can have a significantly limiting impact. Pain can lead to decreased mobility, endurance, social participation, and depression. Additionally, many people living with spinal cord injury (SCI) rely on their upper body for ADLs (activities of daily living) which may result in decreased independence in cases of severe pain. Musculoskeletal impairments associated with spinal cord injury include decreased muscle mass and bone density, spasticity, contractures, as well as overuse injuries in muscles, tendons, and joints. These issues can contribute to pain and morbidity in patients with SCI. However, there is a lack of research on the risk of developing these conditions in the SCI population. This article aims to investigate and outline the common MSK conditions after SCI. Other musculoskeletal impairments that can often be found in patients with SCI include but are not limited to muscle atrophy, osteoporosis, fractures, spasticity, heterotopic ossification, tendinopathies, and mononeuropathies.