Biosecurity and Biocontainment for Ruminant Respiratory Disease.

Respiratory disease in cattle and small ruminants is caused by various factors, including inadequate biosecurity and biocontainment. Biosecurity and biocontainment depend on good husbandry. Testing on arrival and quarantining for 42 to 56 days could improve biosecurity. Controlling visitors and vehicles, maintaining good air quality, and ensuring optimal passive immunity transfer are critical. Endemic respiratory agents are unlikely to transmit beyond 10 m, but environmental factors can affect this. Endemic viruses have a high R0, so achieving high herd immunity is important to limit transmission. While vaccination is an important biosecurity tool, it is not a substitute for other practices.