Effects of different Taekwondo practices on biomechanics of balance and control during kick technique.

Long-term training focused on specific skills significantly influences athletes' physical control abilities. To evaluate the balance control capabilities during kicking actions of different Taekwondo skill groups (kyorugi (K); poomsae (P); demonstration (D)), and long-term training effects of the different Taekwondo skills on body control. The present study utilised a motion capture system and a ground reaction force system to compare and analyse the balance control abilities of athletes across various Taekwondo practices (kyorugi, poomsae, demonstration) during the execution of an identical kicking motion. All participants' (23 male college athletes) kicks were aimed at nose height. The results indicate that K exhibited distinct COM trajectories in left-right and front-back directions during front kicks, whereas differences of COM lateral displacement during kicking moments existed across all groups. P demonstrated greater COP movements in forward, backward, left, and right directions. Long-term training in different skills affected mechanisms of body control during the kicking technique. K and D tended to prioritise maintaining vertical stability, upward power output, and efficient movements to ensure rapid, accurate striking while maintaining balance and stability, whereas P emphasised the horizontal posture, flexibility, expressive qualities, and artistry of their movements, which may be involving more body sway and adjustments during competitions. Athletes in different skill groups should develop personalised training plans tailored to their specific skill characteristics and competition demands. These plans aim to enhance the movement control abilities of athletes in various disciplines, ensuring they can deliver optimal performance during competitions.