Unraveling the Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) Lifecycle: An Overview of Latency, Lytic Replication, and KSHV-Associated Diseases.

Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic gammaherpesvirus and the etiological agent of several diseases. These include the malignancies Kaposi sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman disease (MCD), as well as the inflammatory disorder KSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome (KICS). The KSHV lifecycle is characterized by two phases: a default latent phase and a lytic replication cycle. During latency, the virus persists as an episome within host cells, expressing a limited subset of viral genes to evade immune surveillance while promoting cellular transformation. The lytic phase, triggered by various stimuli, results in the expression of the full viral genome, production of infectious virions, and modulation of the tumor microenvironment. Both phases of the KSHV lifecycle play crucial roles in driving viral pathogenesis, influencing oncogenesis and immune evasion. This review dives into the intricate world of the KSHV lifecycle, focusing on the molecular mechanisms that drive its latent and lytic phases, their roles in disease progression, and current therapeutic strategies.