The Nrf2-Keap1/ARE signaling pathway in aquatic animals.

The complex and fluctuating conditions of aquatic ecosystems make aquatic organisms vulnerable to oxidative stress. The Nrf2-Keap1/ARE signaling pathway serves as an important intracellular defense mechanism, particularly for aquatic organisms exposed to environmental stressors and toxic substances. Environmental stimuli can disrupt an organism's internal redox balance, leading to cellular oxidative stress responses. To counteract these effects, cells develop intricate defense mechanisms, with the Nrf2-Keap1/ARE signaling pathway is playing a crucial role. In this pathway, the nuclear transcription factor Nrf2 translocates into the nucleus to initiate the transcription of antioxidant genes, thereby reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced cellular damage and maintaining the organism's oxidative-antioxidative equilibrium. While research on this pathway in mammals is well-established, studies on aquatic organisms are still limited. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the regulatory functions of the Nrf2-Keap1/ARE pathway on oxidative stress and delves into the molecular structures of Nrf2, Keap1, and ARE, offering insights into the physiological regulation of antioxidant defenses in aquatic organisms.