Virus-like particles: a versatile and effective vaccine platform.

Traditional live-attenuated or inactivated vaccines have limitations, including risks associated with uncontrolled replication, reduced immunogenicity, or production complexities. To address these issues, alternative platforms such as virus-like particles (VLPs) have been developed. VLPs are self-assembling structures composed of viral proteins that mimic native viruses but are noninfectious. This review provides an overview of their structure, design and manufacture that make them an attractive platform for vaccine development. We then discuss the clinical development of some recently approved VLP vaccines and those widely used in immunization programs, summarizing the clinical trial data that underpins their efficacy and safety profiles. Additionally, we explore VLP vaccines in late-stage clinical development for respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus. VLPs are a versatile and promising platform for vaccine development. Their ability to mimic native viruses while eliminating the risks associated with live vaccines positions them as an attractive platform for vaccine design. Currently approved VLP vaccines demonstrate that they can provide effective protection against a wide range of diseases. Advances in VLP design and production are likely to lead to highly effective vaccines, significantly contributing to global immunization efforts.