Diabetes and pregnancy

The presence of insulin-dependent or non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in pregnant women has been associated with an adverse effect on the maternal an fetal outcomes of pregnancy. The incidence of obstetrical and diabetic complications is increased, and a continuum has been observed between maternal blood glucose levels and perinatal outcome. The incidence of congenital malformations, macrosomia and prematurity is increased in offspring of diabetic mothers. Programming and intensive collaborative follow-up improve the outcome of such pregnancies. Gestational diabetes mellitus is an heterogenous condition defined as carbohydrate intolerance of variable severity with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. Short term complications are mainly represented by fetal macrosomia and high cesarean section rate. Women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus are at increased risk of future diabetes, predominantly type 2. Obesity and type 2 diabetes are increased among their children.