Long-term pharmacologic management of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Various pharmacologic agents are available for the long-term maintenance management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The efficacy of these agents is based on their ability to decrease COPD symptoms, improve pulmonary function and quality of life, and reduce the frequency of acute exacerbations. Bronchodilators form the foundation of COPD therapy. Anticholinergic bronchodilators, such as ipratropium bromide and especially tiotropium, are first-line anticholinergic agents that can be used alone or in combination with long-acting or short-acting beta2-agonists to achieve these primary goals of COPD treatment. Methylxanthines are useful primarily for their nonbronchodilatory (ie, positive) effects on pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, renal blood flow, and glomerular filtration rate. Inhaled corticosteroids are reserved only for the few patients with severe disease who experience symptoms and acute exacerbations despite optimized multiple bronchodilator therapy. This article reviews agents that are currently available and those that are in development for the long-term management of COPD, with special emphasis on the anticholinergic bronchodilators.