Secondary nephrotic syndrome induced by infection

Infections can be the causative agent in secondary nephrotic syndrome and diagnostic criteria include clinical and laboratory data and tissue molecular analysis. As for bacterial infections, some of patients with poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-related glomerulonephritis present nephrotic syndrome. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a well known cause of membranous glomerulonephritis and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Hepatitis C virus (HCV), besides cryoglobulinemia-mediated glomerulonephritis, is reported to cause other forms of glomerulonephritis. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is closely related to a collapsing focal segmental glomerulonephritis. Some of patients with these viral infections present nephrotic syndrome. There were a few reports on secondary nephrotic syndrome induced by cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and parvovirus B19.