Introduction Glaucoma and cataracts are the leading causes of visual impairment worldwide. Public awareness and knowledge of these conditions are crucial for early detection and prevention. This study aimed to assess the knowledge level of the general public in the Qassim region of Saudi Arabia regarding glaucoma and cataracts and to evaluate their ability to differentiate between the two conditions. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted using a validated online electronic questionnaire distributed via social media platforms. The survey collected demographic data, ocular and medical history, and responses assessing knowledge of glaucoma and cataracts. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0 (Released 2019; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States), including descriptive statistics and chi-squared tests with a significance level of p<0.05. Result A total of 401 participants completed the survey, with 58.4% (n=234) females and 94% (n=377) Saudi nationals. The mean age was 33.36±10.35 years. Most participants (76.6%; n=307) held a bachelor's degree, and 25.2% (n=101) worked in the healthcare field. Only 23.7% (n=95) correctly identified glaucoma as optic nerve damage due to increased eye pressure, while 44.1% (n=177) correctly recognized cataracts as clouding of the lens. The most commonly identified risk factor for glaucoma and cataracts was diabetes (56.4% vs. 53.4%, respectively). Only 23.2% (n=93) correctly associated tunnel vision with glaucoma, while blurry vision, a cataract symptom, was correctly identified by 32.9% (n=132). Higher educational level was significantly associated with better knowledge of cataracts (p=0.002) but not glaucoma (p=0.100). Healthcare professionals had significantly higher knowledge of both conditions (p<0.001). Conclusion This study highlights knowledge gaps and misconceptions regarding glaucoma and cataracts among the public in the Qassim region of Saudi Arabia. While cataract awareness was relatively higher, understanding of glaucoma symptoms and risk factors was insufficient. Educational interventions are needed to improve public awareness and promote early detection and prevention strategies for these vision-threatening conditions.