The incidence of polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis is increasing, mainly in elderly people. The risk of cancer during a lifetime is high in patients with positive biopsy of the temporal artery, but polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis are not to be considered as paraneoplastic syndromes. Temporal arteritis can appear in patients under treatment for polymyalgia rheumatica, and polymyalgia rheumatica can be accompanied by arthritis. Various new aspects of diagnoses and treatment are discussed.