Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) has been the standard treatment for moderate to severe benign prostatic hypertrophy since the 1930s. Transurethral resection (TUR) syndrome, one complication that can occur during a TURP procedure, is water intoxication of the body that results in hyponatremia and other acid-base imbalances. This complication is infrequent, occurring in approximately 2% of all patients undergoing TURP procedures; therefore, it may not be recognized by caregivers unfamiliar with the syndrome. The consequences are increased intravascular volume, cellular edema, and hypothermia. Although improvements in surgical technique have lessened the occurrence of TUR syndrome, perioperative staff members still need to remain alert for signs of this complication. A team approach and early recognition can ensure a smooth postoperative course for the patient. Knowing how and why TUR syndrome occurs can enable perioperative nurses to devise a plan of care to help prevent its occurrence.