Neuropathic pain results in considerable trouble to people's physical and mental health. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying its occurrence and development remain unclear. A large number of experiments show that microRNAs (miRNAs) play a major role in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain and neuroinflammation resulting from nerve injury. Among various miRNAs, microRNA-221 (miR-221) overexpression has been reported in a chronic constrictive injury (CCI)-induced rat model of neuropathic pain. However, the role of miR-221 in the regulation of neuropathic pain is unknown. In this study, we investigated the potential role and underlying mechanism of miR-221 in regulating neuropathic pain. Our findings show that miR-221 is overexpressed in the spinal cord and the isolated microglia of CCI rats. Intrathecal injection of a miR-221 inhibitor attenuated CCI-induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, and reduced proinflammatory cytokine expression, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 in CCI rats. Using a dual-luciferase reporter assay, we show that suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1), an important regulator of inflammation, is a direct target of miR-221. Treatment with the miR-221 inhibitor significantly inhibited the expression of SOCS1. Furthermore, the miR-221 inhibitor markedly suppressed the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) signaling pathway. Knockdown of SOCS1 in CCI rats abrogated the inhibitory effect of the miR-221 inhibitor on CCI-induced neuropathic pain and the NF-κB and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. Together, these results suggest that inhibition of miR-221 alleviates neuropathic pain and neuroinflammation through increasing SOCS1 and by inhibiting the NF-κB and p38 MAPK signaling pathways, indicating that miR-221 may be a promising molecular target for the treatment of neuropathic pain.