Extracardiac abnormalities in infants with congenital heart disease.
Extracardiac anomalies (ECA) occur in 25% of infants seen during the first year of life for significant cardiac disease. Often the ECA are multiple and one third of the affected infants have some established syndrome. In infants with endocardial cushion defect, patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, malpositions, tetralogy of Fallot, and complex coarctation ECA occur in 25% or more of the cases. The most frequent ECA are in the musculoskeletal system or associated with a specific syndrome. The presence of an ECA significantly increases the mortality in infants with CHD.
Ventricular Septal Defects, Rubella, Gastrointestinal Fistula, Coarctation of the Aorta, Congenital Heart Disease (CHD), Pierre Robin Sequence, Dextrocardia with Situs Inversus, Transposition of the Great Arteries, Tracheoesophageal Fistula, Tetralogy of Fallot, Togaviridae Disease, Micrognathia, Patent Ductus Arteriosus, Dextrocardia, Endocardial Cushion Defect, Situs Inversus, Down Syndrome